In Finance, what does arbitrage mean? How to
make money without taking any risk?
-‘Higher the risk, higher the return’
Or you might have
heard the cliche – ‘No risk, no gain.’
Well, in the realm of
financial markets, those words are not always absolutely true. You can, indeed,
make money out of nowhere, without even any risk or investment incurred at all!
Before you start doubting
me, let’s discuss a hypothetical scenario to clear your confusion. First of
all, we have to understand what does ‘Risk’ really means. Suppose you want to
start a fruit-selling business in your local market. To do so, first, you have
to buy fruits with your initial investment.
Now here you have
taken a risk – you never certainly know whether you’ll make a profit from your
investment or not! Maybe you won’t even end up selling anything and all your
money and effort will be gone!
Now think this way.
Imagine there is a grocery store in front of your home, where per kg apple
sells for $2. On the other hand, another grocery store which is 20 km downtown,
sells the same apple for $3 per kg. As a shrewd investor, you can take 1 kg
apple from your doorstep for $2, drive all along 20km to sell it for $3, and
then give them $2 to your initial grocery store keeping the rest $1 in your
pocket!
“But wait a minute,
why the hell would the first storekeeper give me 1 kg apple without any
payment? And why am I ignoring the fuel cost that I have to incur while driving
my car?”
Okay, you got me. In
real life, those questions are extremely valid. You can’t expect anybody to
give you free lunch or sell anything without incurring any ancillary cost.
However, the above-mentioned example is called ‘Arbitrage’ in the world of
finance, which is absolutely a commonplace event in our mundane financial
activities!
By definition, Arbitrage is the precept of
taking advantage of a price difference between two or more assets in different
markets and profiting until the price difference disappears. In a financial
market, it is absolutely possible that you make money from a price discrepancy,
literally out of nowhere!
But the real question
is – HOW?
And don’t forget the
initial investment. Your neighborhood storekeeper allowed you to have an apple
without prepayment. In the financial industry, you may have this facility in
the form of a bank loan. And also, the fuel cost of your car may be treated as a Transaction Cost in the financial market.
In my next article, I shall try to explore a little bit more about arbitrage opportunities. One more thing, I would be more than delighted to answer any finance-related question from you. Till then, stay safe!
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